1. History of Facial Nerve Study

2. Anatomy of Facial Nerve and Facial Muscles
1 Anatomy of Facial Nerve 12
2 Anatomy of Facial Muscles 33

3. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Facial Nerve
1 Etiology of Facial Palsy 43
2 Differential Diagnosis of Facial Palsy 44
3 Pathogenesis of Facial Palsy 51
4 Clinical Accessment of Facial Palsy 55

4. Facial Nerve Grading System
1 House Brackmann Scale & Facial Nerve Grading Scale 2.0 63
2 Sunnybrook Facial Grading System 66
3 Yanagihara System 67
4 eFace 68
5 Debates and Current Lssues of Facial Grading System 69

5. Bell’s Palsy and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
1 Bell’s Palsy 74
2 Ramsay Hunt Syndrome 113

6. Traumatic Facial Palsy by Temporal Bone Fracture
1 Initial Accessment of Facial Palsy 124
2 Initial Accessment of Temporal Bone Fracture 126
3 Classification of Facial Palsy 127
4 Management and Outcome of Traumatic Facial Palsy 129

7. Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Injury
1 Transection Injury 135
2 Uncertain or Partial Injury 137
3 Facial Nerve Injury on Cerebellopontine Angle 138
4 Facial Nerve Injury in Middle Ear 143
5 Facial Nerve Injury in Parotid Gland 152
6 Facial Nerve Injury by Cosmetic Surgery 163

8. Neurotologic Facial Palsy
1 Inflammatory Disease in Temporal Bone 174
2 Benign Mass in Temporal Bone 179

9. Treatment Options for Acute Facial Palsy
1 Botulinum Toxin A 196
2 Intratympanic Steroid Injection 203

10. Intraoperative Facial Nerve Monitoring
1 Anesthesia for Facial Nerve Monitoring 208
2 Preparation for Facial Nerve Monitoring 209
3 Indications of Facial Nerve Monitoring 211
4 Electromyograhy Tracing 212

11. Facial Nerve Surgery
1 Facial Nerve Decompression via Transmastoid Approach 216
2 Facial Nerve Decompression via Middle Cranial Fossa Approach 219
3 End-To-End Anastomosis 221
4 Interpositional Nerve Graft 223
5 Hypoglossal Nerve Transfer 227
6 Masseteric Nerve Transfer 230
7 Cross-Face Nerve Graft 232
8 Gracilis Muscle Transfer 236
9 Temporalis Muscle Transposition 240
10 Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle Resection 249
11 Eyebrow and Eyelid Lift 252
12 Gold Implant 254
13  Face Lift 257
14  Thread Lift 260

12. Facial Synkinesis and Asymmetry
1 Pathogenesis of Synkinesis 268
2 Facial Changes After Severe Facial Palsy 272
3 Botox Injection for Chronic Facial Palsy 276
4 Other Injections for Chronic Facial Palsy 284
5 Selective Neurectomy 286

13. Physical Therapy for Facial Palsy
1 Theoretical Background 290
2 Selection of the Patients 291
3 Evaluation of the Facial Muscles 292
4 Methods of Physical Therapy 293
5 Neuromusuclar Retraing Therapy Combined Botox Injection 299

14. Special Issues and Hypotheses of Facial Palsy
1 Facial Nerve Decompression for Bell’s Palsy 304
2 Unexpected Facial Movement after Facial Nerve Transection 306
3 Anatomical Consideration of Recurrent Bell’s Palsy 308
4 Acupuncture for Facial Palsy 310
5 Unknown Cause of Facial Asymmetry of Young Adult 311
6 Seasonal Variations of Bell’s Palsy 314
7 Future of Facial Nerve Study 316

Index